SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Aldy, Joseph E.; Barrett, Scott; Stavins, Robert N..

We critically review the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change. We employ six criteria to evaluate the policy proposals: environmental outcome, dynamic efficiency, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance. The Kyoto Protocol does not fare well on a number of criteria, but none of the alternative proposals fare well along all six dimensions. We identify several major themes among the alternative proposals: Kyoto is "too little, too fast"; developing countries should play a more substantial role and receive incentives to participate; implementation should focus on market-based approaches, especially...

ACHIEVING EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY IN IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT: AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL OF THE EL ANGEL WATERSHED, CARCHI, ECUADOR

Palavras-chave: Policy architecture; Kyoto Protocol; Efficiency; Cost effectiveness; Equity; Participation; Compliance; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10541

Evans, Elizabeth M.; Lee, David R.; Boisvert, Richard N..

The objective of this paper is to address the problems of inefficiency and inequity in water allocation in the El Angel watershed, located in Ecuador's Sierra region. Water is captured in a high-altitude region of the watershed and distributed downstream to producers in four elevation-defined zones via a system of canals. Upstream and downstream producers face radically different conditions with respect to climate and terrain. A mathematical programming model was created to study the consequences of addressing chronic water scarcity problems in the watershed by shifting water resources between the four zones. The model captures the nature of water use by humans, crops and dual purpose cattle. Its objective function maximizes producer welfare as...

AGRICULTURAL POLICY ANALYSIS: DISCUSSION

Palavras-chave: Mathematical programming; Water allocation; Efficiency; Equity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19742

Beyond Carbon: Enabling Justice and Equity in REDD+ Across Levels of Governance

Schertz, Lyle P..

Agricultural economists are appropriately concerned about their profession's contributions to policy decisions. An examination of alternative approaches to transforming policy analyses is in order. There are opportunities to (a) focus on income and wealth distribution, (b) give attention to the public as a primary client, (c) avoid advocacy, and (d) adjust institutions in ways that encourage participation in policy analyses including the development of data systems.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Equity; Income and wealth distribution; Policy analysis; Public as a primary client; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15250

Schroeder, Heike; School of International Development, University of East Anglia; h.schroeder@uea.ac.uk; McDermott, Constance; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography, University of Oxford; constance.mcdermott@ouce.ox.ac.uk.

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Equity; Justice; Multi-level governance; REDD+.

Ano: 2014

Beyond the Double Dividend: Modelling the impacts of deep cuts in Australian greenhouse gas emissions

Hatfield-Dodds, Steve; Adams, Philip D..

Australian economic modelling of policy options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has to date given little attention to (i) crafting policy scenarios that use emissions revenues to target significant existing tax distortions, (ii) quantifying the effects of policy on the price and affordability of energy products, and (iii) communicating policy impacts on living standards relative to current levels, as well as relative to future levels in the reference case. Building on modelling undertaken for the Australian Business Roundtable on Climate Change - which found that real consumption and income continue to grow strongly with emission reductions - we find that smart tax reform could significantly reduce the economic impact of emissions reductions,...

Building resilient pathways to transformation when “no one is in charge”: insights from Australia's Murray-Darling Basin

Palavras-chave: Greenhouse policy; Double dividend; Equity; Adaptive governance; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10381

Credibility of Collective Brand as a Source of Equity: An Empirical Application for Spanish Wine Market

Climate change and its interactions with complex socioeconomic dynamics dictate the need for decision makers to move from incremental adaptation toward transformation as societies try to cope with unprecedented and uncertain change. Developing pathways toward transformation is especially difficult in regions with multiple contested resource uses and rights, with diverse decision makers and rules, and where high uncertainty is generated by differences in stakeholders’ values, understanding of climate change, and ways of adapting. Such a region is the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, from which we provide insights for developing a process to address these constraints. We present criteria for sequencing actions along adaptation pathways: feasibility...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Insight

Palavras-chave: Adaptation pathways; Climate change; Collective action; Domain shift; Equity; Irrigation; Resilience; Social conflict; Transformation; Wetlands.

Ano: 2016

Dopico, Domingo Calvo; Blazquez, F.; Tudoran, Alina.

The appearance of consumers groups increasingly concerned about the quality of food products, together with an increasingly competitive environment and domestic saturated markets, has led companies to achieving differentiated quality. The wine sector is immersed in this situation. Valuation of this differentiation by consumers will not happen by complying with certain standards or technical specifications, but rather it has to be perceived by consumers. Unlike experts, consumers cannot easily know which properties are intrinsic to products, which are those that give them their quality. There is, thus, a problem of uncertainty regarding the quality of products. This problem becomes more complex when consumers are faced with many alternatives of a similar...

Desarrollo rural, género y derechos humanos en Jilotepec, Estado de México.

Palavras-chave: Collective brand; Quality; Perceived risk; Equity; Consumer Behaviour; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58009

Colegio de Postgraduados

Flores Escobar, Alma Delia.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo señalar la importancia de los derechos humanos con perspectiva de género aplicado al desarrollo rural del municipio de Jilotepec, Estado de México. El estudio es cualitativo-cuantitativo, y se utilizó para la obtención de la información “el cuestionario”, “la entrevista” y un “taller”. Las y los informantes clave fueron autoridades del municipio de Jilotepec, líderes de tres Organizaciones No Gubernamentales y beneficiari@s de éstas. Entre los datos obtenidos encontramos que en l@s beneficiari@s de las organizaciones rurales existe un desconocimiento de las funciones de las dependencias que protegen los derechos humanos. Se reconoce la ardua labor que las organizaciones rurales UNORCA, RED MUJER han hecho en el...

Palavras-chave: Equidad; Mujeres rurales; Organizaciones rurales; Políticas públicas; Equity; Rural women; Public policy; Rural organization; Desarrollo Rural; Maestría.

Ano: 2013

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/1853

DID THE 1995 FARM BILL ADDRESS THE CRITICAL ISSUES? DISCUSSION

Distributional effects of flood risk management—a cross-country comparison of preflood compensation

Salathe, Larry E..

In 1995, for the first time since the 1930s, the United States failed to pass new farm program legislation. The inability to pass farm legislation occurred despite bipartisan agreement that farm programs should continue the trend over the past decade of less government intervention. This paper discusses the sequence of events, the role of agricultural economists, the major issues, and the lessons learned from the 1995 Farm Bill debate. The trend toward declining government intervention in agriculture will require that the profession look increasingly to the private sector for solutions to the problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Congressional debate; Equity; Farm programs; Policy analysis; Price and income support; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 1996

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15232

van Doorn-Hoekveld, Willemijn J.; Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of Law, The Netherlands; w.j.hoekveld@uu.nl; Suykens, Cathy; KU Leuven, Belgium; cathy.suykens@kuleuven.be; Homewood, Stephen; Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University London, England; stephenhomewood@yahoo.co.uk; Chmielewski, Piotr J.; Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; piotr.chmielewski1990@gmail.com; Matczak, Piotr; Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; Institute of Sociology, Adam Mickiewicz University; matczak@amu.edu.pl; van Rijswick, Helena F.M.W; Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of Law, The Netherlands; H.vanRijswick@uu.nl.

We seek to examine the manner in which either the EU member states of France, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden or parts of them, such as the country of England in the UK or the Flemish Region in Belgium, deal with the distributional effects of the flood risk management strategies prevention, defense, and mitigation. Measures carried out in each of these strategies can cause preflood harm, as in the devaluation of property or loss of income. However, different member states and authorities address this harm in different ways. A descriptive overview of the different compensation regimes in the field of flood risk management is followed by an analysis of these differences and an explanation of what may cause them, such as the geographical differences that...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Defense; é Galité Devant les charges publiques; Equity; Flood risk management; Legitimacy; Loss; No-fault liability; Preflood compensation; Prevention; Protection of property rights; Solidarity; Spatial planning.

Ano: 2016

Effects of U.S. Farm Programs on Equity and Efficiency

Pope, Micah; Keeney, Roman.

This paper analyzes the tradeoffs present between equity and efficiency in farm policy. In terms of equity, we are concerned with the implications of policies on the distribution of income. For efficiency we consider how the profitability of farms is impacted by the same government policies. Specifically of interest will be the relative contributions of direct payments, commodity payments, and conservation payments to each of these measures. Results show that relative to direct payments commodity payments are more efficient (in terms of increasing average farm profitability) but less equitable (large farmers dominate the income gains). Conservation payments are found to be both less equitable and efficient relative to direct payments. We identify...

Engaging Local Communities in Low Emissions Land-Use Planning: a Case Study from Laos

Palavras-chave: U.S. Farm Policy; Equity; Efficiency; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6064

Hett, Cornelia; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE); Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland; Cornelia.hett@cde.unibe.ch; Heinimann, Andreas; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE); Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland; Andreas.Heinimann@cde.unibe.ch.

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Carbon tenure; Equity; Laos; Participatory land-use planning; REDD+.

Ano: 2013

Equal Emissions per Capita over Time - A Proposal to Combine Responsibility and Equity of Rights

Bode, Sven.

After Future climate policy regimes may be based on the Kyoto-Protocol or on other policy instruments such as carbon-taxes. Any effective regime based on the Protocol requires the determination of the concrete contributions by each Party. This involves namely the time of contribution and the quantification of the contribution itself. By now many proposals exist for the two issues, as for example thresholds like GDP per capita for the question of timing or emissions per capita for an allocation of emission rights. Based on the two justice principle responsibility and equity of rights that form the basis for the so-called Brazilian Proposal and Contraction & Convergence respectively, a new approach is developed: Future emission rights are allocated on...

Equity and REDD+ in the Media: a Comparative Analysis of Policy Discourses

Palavras-chave: Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Brazilian Proposal; CDM; Contraction & Convergence; Equity; Post 2012 climate regime; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26240

Di Gregorio, Monica; University of Leeds, Sustainability Research Institute; m.digregorio@leeds.ac.uk; Brockhaus, Maria; Center for International Forestry Research; m.brockhaus@cgiar.org; Cronin, Tim; WWF Australia; timpcronin@hotmail.com; Muharrom, Efrian ; Center for International Forestry Research; e.muharrom@cgiar.org; Santoso, Levania; Center for International Forestry Research; l.santoso@cgiar.org; Mardiah, Sofi; Center for International Forestry Research; s.mardiah@cgiar.org.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is primarily a market-based mechanism for achieving the effective reduction of carbon emissions from forests. Increasingly, however, concerns are being raised about the implications of REDD+ for equity, including the importance of equity for achieving effective carbon emission reductions from forests. Equity is a multifaceted concept that is understood differently by different actors and at different scales, and public discourse helps determine which equity concerns reach the national policy agenda. Results from a comparative media analysis of REDD+ public discourse in four countries show that policy makers focus more on international than national equity concerns, and that they neglect...

Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports

Palavras-chave: Comparative analysis; Discourse; Equity; Media analysis; Mitigation; REDD+.

Ano: 2013

Equity Basis Selection in Allocation Environments: An Empirical Analysis

Aadland, David; Koplin, Van.

Successful formation and long-term stability of cooperative ventures is often linked to the perceived fairness of the cost and resource allocations that these ventures employ. Indeed, the lack of a consensus over what basis should be used for gauging equitable allocation can undermine the prospects for collaboration. We use irrigation cost sharing as a context for examining the equity basis selections of cooperative ventures that successfully form and endure. Our analysis reveals that these selections are explained by features of the cooperative environment and inequities in the derived benefits from the irrigation water.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Irrigation; Cost allocation; Equity; Probit model; Risk and Uncertainty.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117146

Equity judgments and context dependence: Knowledge, efficiency and incentives

Schilizzi, Steven.

Distributional equity concerns are often at least as important as economic efficiency and ecological sustainability in environmental and natural resource management policies. Until recently, however, economists have shied away from tackling equity issues, primarily because equity appeared as a slippery concept, varying across people and circumstances. This study takes this context-dependence of equity judgments as a starting point and shows that such dependence, far from being random, is systematic. A series of controlled laboratory treatments with University students were designed to investigate the role on distributional equity judgments of such context factors as knowledge of one’s position in society, how the existence of equity-efficiency tradeoffs...

Equity, quality and relevance in higher education in Brazil

Palavras-chave: Equity; Fairness; Resource allocation; Environmental policy; Experimental economics; Welfare economics; Public choice; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Public Economics; C92; D03; D63; H23; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100887

Anais da ABC (AABC)

Schwartzman,Simon.

Brazilian higher education has doubled its size in the 1990s, going from 1.5 million to more than 3 million students in the period. This expansion was mostly due to the growth of private education, which, in 2002, accounted for about two thirds of the enrollment. Is expansion making higher education more accessible to persons coming from the poorer segments of society? Is the quality of higher education suffering by the speed of this expansion? Is Brazil educating enough qualified persons to attend to the country's needs to participate in the new, knowledge-intensive and global economy? What public policies should be implemented, in order to foster the values of social equity and relevance? What are the policy implications of these developments? This...

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article

Palavras-chave: Higher education; Human capital; Equity; Labor market; Education policy.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652004000100015

Equity Weighting and the Marginal Damage Costs of Climate Change

Anthoff, David; Hepburn, Cameron; Tol, Richard S.J..

Climate change would impact different countries differently, and different countries have different levels of development. Equity-weighted estimates of the (marginal) impact of greenhouse gas emissions reflect these differences. Equity-weighted estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions are substantially higher than estimates without equity-weights; equity-weights may also change the sign of the social cost estimates. Equity weights need to be normalised. Our estimates differ by two orders of magnitude depending on the region of normalisation. A discounting error of equity weighted social cost of carbon estimates in earlier work (Tol, Energy Journal, 1999), led to an error of a factor two. Equity-weighted estimates are sensitive to...